⛽ Why Refining Is Expensive: The Hidden Costs of Making Fuel
When you fill up your car with gasoline or use jet fuel for a flight,…
What’s in a Barrel? The Many Uses of Crude Oil 🛢️🔬
Introduction When you hear "barrel of oil," you probably think of gasoline for cars. But…
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY STEAM REFORMING
Steam reforming of natural gas at petroleum refining facilities is the predominant means of producing…
Isomerization
Isomerization processes have been used to isomerize n-butane to iso-butane used in alkylation and C5 /C6 n-paraffins…
Polymerization
The polymerization process combines propenes and butenes to produce higher olefins with high-octane numbers (97…
Uses of Hydrocracking
In a refinery, hydrocracking complements catalytic cracking by taking on the more aromatic feedstocks that…
Catalytic Hydrocracking
Catalytic hydrocracking is one of the latest additions to petroleum refining processes, with the first…
Catalytic Reforming Processes
Even in the presence of hydrogen during reforming reactions, catalysts are deactivated by coke deposition.…
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
Fluid Catalytic Process, also introduced in 1942, offered an excellent integration of the cracking reactor…
Catalytic Cracking Processes
Increasing demand for gasoline, along with the need to produce high-octane gasoline for increasingly more…