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THERMODYNAMICS
The 4 Laws There are 4 laws to thermodynamics, and they are some of the…
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Introduction to Plant Management and Economics
COST OF EQUIPMENT The cost of equipment may be obtained in two ways: (a) by…
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Introduction to Miscellaneous
STARTUP Any plant operation can be divided into three types of operating steps, namely, startup,…
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Instrumentation and Control in a Refinery
13.1 CONTROL HARDWARE Modern chemical plants are automatically controlled with the objective of achieving the…
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Introduction to Reactor Calculations
REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in which…
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Introduction to Extraction
EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous solution…
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Distillation and Stripping
PROCESSES OF DISTILLATION AND STRIPPING Distillation is a process in which more volatile substances in…
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Heat Exchangers and Pipe-Still Furnaces
HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchanger equipment exchanges heat between a hot and a cold fl uid,…
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Introduction to Material and Energy Balances
MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil is…
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Introduction to Offsite Facilities, Power and Utilities
LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists of…